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While the world was in lockdown, researchers continued working tirelessly to restore the walls of a 2,000-year-old temple.

University of TübingenThe ancient vestibule of Esna Temple on the west bank of the Nile River is located about 35 miles south of Luxor.

Rediscovered some 200 years ago, the ancient Egyptian temple of Esna has held 2,000-year-old secrets in its walls that are just now seeing the light of day. Thanks to an ambitious restoration project launched in 2018, hundreds of hidden inscriptions, paintings, and illustrated constellations have been found.

According to Ancient Origins, the remarkably well-preserved artwork and inscriptions had previously been covered by layers of earth, soot, and compacted bird droppings. Christian Leitz, professor of Egyptology at the Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Tübingen, spearheaded the successful cleanup.

Alongside experts from the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, the resourceful team has spent the last two years uncovering, preserving, and documenting these layers of paint. According to Phys, some of the inscriptions have officially revealed the ancient Egyptian names of certain constellations for the first time.

French Egyptologist Serge Sauneron led Esna’s excavation in the mid-1900s. While he recognized how invaluable these inscriptions were and published his findings in full, he never saw the full picture. Now officially restored to their original colors with layers of dirt removed, historians are reassessing them entirely.

University of TübingenHundreds of inscriptions and illustrations were properly documented for the first time, with rigorous restoration revealing vibrant paint hidden beneath layers of dirt.

“The hieroglyphics that Sauneron explored were often only very roughly chiseled out, the details only applied by painting them in color,” said Leitz. “This means that only preliminary versions of the inscriptions had been researched. Only now do we get a picture of the final version.”

This resourceful team of 15 threw caution to the wind and tirelessly continued their work despite lockdowns due to the global coronavirus pandemic. Every inch of the colorful sandstone structure, which is 121 feet long and 65 feet wide — and nearly 50 feet high — has since been carefully documented.

While only the Esna Temple’s vestibule (or pronaos) remains, the structure has remained intact for millennia. This is likely due to the fact that it was situated in front of the actual temple building, under the direction of Roman Emperor Claudius (who reigned from 41 to 54 A.D.) and had thus been shielded from the elements.

Leitz and his colleagues believe that these elaborate inscriptions and decorative relief work probably took up to 200 years to complete. Fortunately, the temple is not only famous for its extremely high ceiling and the inscription work upon it, but is considered to hold the most recently-discovered coherent hieroglyphic texts of its era.

“They were previously undetected under the soot and are now being exposed piece by piece,” said Leitz. “Here we have found, for example, the names of ancient Egyptian constellations, which were previously completely unknown.”

University of TübingenThe upper image depicts a soot and earth-covered wall, as Serge Sauneron encountered it more than half a century ago. The bottom image depicts that same wall after the recent restoration.

Ancient Egyptian architects often included what they believed were universal numbers in their work. From the angles and ratios to the proportions and measurements of architectural features, these “magic numbers” correlated to the culture’s belief system. This makes the Esna vestibule all the more curious.

While it contains 24 gigantic support columns to hold up the ceiling, only the capitals of the 18 free-standing columns are decorated with varying plant motifs. For University of Tübingen Egyptologist Daniel von Recklinghausen, this has proffered a mystery yet to be solved.

“In Egyptian temple architecture this is an absolute exception,” he said.

The site’s preservation was likely supported by its location. Situated in the middle of the city center, officials were likely hesitant to use it as a quarry for building materials like many others were during the industrialization of Egypt. Instead, the temple had simply become a part of an increasingly modern city.

In some places, buildings and shacks were casually built against the temple’s walls. In others, the structure can be seen protruding from the ground — under a mountain of rubble. This is still observable in countless postcards from the 1800s and 1900s before Sauneron pushed for its excavation.

University of TübingenThe ceiling depicts the night sky and contains the original ancient Egyptian names of constellations — which have never been documented before.

The temple’s famous ceiling depicts a night sky with inscriptions detailing spiritual and religious beliefs. The high priests who operated from within the temple also made sure to have their contemporary cosmological ideas expressed upon its walls, which is where the constellation names have been discovered.

The staggering restoration work has ultimately returned the site to its original appearance, for the first time in 2,000 years. For Egyptologists like Leitz and von Recklinghausen, the successful endeavor has allowed them and their peers to research this niche of ancient history from an entirely new perspective.

After learning about the 2,000-year-old inscriptions uncovered on the walls of an ancient Egyptian temple, read about 44 Ancient Egypt facts that separate myth from truth. Then, learn about the real reason so many Egyptian statues have broken noses.

The Temple of Dendur (Dendoor in nineteenth century sources) is an ancient Egyptiantemple that was built by the Roman governor of Egypt, Petronius, around 15 BC, as one of many Egyptian temples commissioned by the emperor Augustus. It was dedicated to Isis and Osiris, as well as two deified sons of a local Nubian chieftain, Pediese ('he whom Isis has given') and Pihor ('he who belongs to Horus').^[1] In the 1960s, the temple was removed from its original location and given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA, where it has been exhibited since 1978.

Architecture and artwork[edit]

The temple is constructed from sandstone and measures 25 meters (82 feet) from the front stone gate to its rear as well as 8 meters (26 feet) from its lowest to its highest point. A 30-meter (98-foot) cult terrace overlooks the Nile.^[1] From the gate, two flanking walls ran around the temple and isolated the structure from the cult terrace and the Nile river.^[1] The temple is partly decorated with reliefs: the temple base is decorated with carvings of papyrus and lotus plants growing out of the water of the Nile, which is symbolized by depictions of the god Hapy. Over the temple gate as well as over the entrance to the temple proper, depictions of the Winged sun disk of the sky god Horus represent the sky. This motif is repeated by the vultures depicted on the ceiling of the entrance porch. On the outer walls, Emperor Augustus is depicted as a pharaoh making offerings to the deities Isis, Osiris, and their son Horus. The subject is repeated in the first room of the temple, where Augustus is shown praying and making offerings. Augustus is identified as 'Caesar' (actually, 'Qysrs', which is based on 'Kaisaros', the Greek version of Caesar). He is also called 'Autotrator', an alteration of autokrator, or autocrat, the Greek equivalent of imperator, one of the emperor's titles. This misspelling seems to be deliberate, in order to achieve more symmetry in the hieroglyphs. In some other parts of the temple, however, the emperor is simply called 'Pharaoh'. The middle room, which was used for offerings, and the sanctuary of Isis at the rear of the temple are undecorated but for reliefs on the door frame and backwall of the sanctuary. The latter shows Pihor and Pedesi as young gods worshiping Isis and Osiris respectively. The 6.55 by 13 meters (21.5 by 42.7 feet) temple house is modest but well executed in design with two front columns, an offering hall and a sanctuary with a statue niche.^[1] A crypt was also built into the rear wall while a rock chamber in the nearby cliffs may have represented the tombs of Pediese and Pihor who were said to have drowned in the Nile river.^[1]

In the 19th century, graffiti were left on the temple walls by visitors from Europe. One of the most prominent pieces of graffiti ('A L Corry RN 1817', at eye level to the left as one enters the temple) was left by the British naval officer and later Rear Admiral Armar Lowry Corry. Another inscription was left by the Italian Egyptologist Girolamo Segato.

Relocation[edit]

The temple was dismantled and removed from its original location (modern name: Dendur, ancient name: Tuzis, about 80 kilometers (50 miles) south of the town of Aswan) in 1963. This was accomplished as part of a wider UNESCO project,^[2][3] in order to save significant sites from being submerged by Lake Nasser, following construction of the Aswan High Dam.^[1] In recognition of the American assistance in saving various other monuments threatened by the dam's construction, Egypt presented the temple and its gate as a gift to the United States of America, represented by Jacqueline Kennedy among others, in 1965. The stone blocks of the temple weighed more than 800 tons in total with the largest pieces weighing more than 6.5 tons. They were packed in 661 crates and transported to the United States by the freighter m/v Concordia Star. In the United States, several institutions made bids for housing the temple, in a competition that was nicknamed the 'Dendur Derby' by the press. Alternative plans proposed re-erecting the temple on the banks of the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. or on the Charles River in Boston. However, these suggestions were dismissed because it was feared that the temple's sandstone would suffer from the outdoor conditions. On April 27, 1967, the temple was awarded to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it was installed in the Sackler Wing in 1978. Inside the Sackler Wing, designed by the architects Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo, and associates, a reflecting pool in front of the temple and a sloping wall behind it represent the Nile and the cliffs of the original location. The glass on the ceiling and north wall of the Sackler is stippled in order to diffuse the light and mimic the lighting in Nubia.

See also[edit]

The four temples donated to countries assisting the relocation are:

• Temple of Debod (Madrid, Spain)
• Temple of Dendur (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, United States)
• Temple of Taffeh (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, the Netherlands)
• Temple of Ellesyia (Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy)

References[edit]

Ancient Egyptian Temples Architecture

1. ^ ^abcdefArnold, Dieter (1999). Temples of the Last Pharaohs. Oxford University Press. pp. 244.
2. ^Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia World Heritage Committee, UNESCO
3. ^The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites, UNESCO

Egyptian Temple Map

External links[edit]

Temple Of Tuthmosis Iii Excavated In 1996

• Digitized material related to the Temple of Dendur in the Digital Collections from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries

Egyptian Temple Wikipedia

Coordinates: 23°22′59″N32°57′00″E / 23.38306°N 32.95000°E

Temple Of Tuthmosis Iii Excavated In 1996